Event
The Exodus from Egypt and the Red Sea Crossing
After the Passover, Israel leaves Rameses on the 15th day of the first month, 430 years "to the selfsame day" after the promise, and crosses the Red Sea (Exod 12–14).
Sort year1491 BC
Tier 2 · CFAH-1 Table 1 (Ussher–Jones baseline)
Tier 2: CFAH-1 Table 1 (Ussher-Jones baseline): 1491 BC (Exodus) (no higher-tier year available).
Description
CFAH-6 frames its Egyptian reconstruction as running "from the Dispersion in 2191 BC until the Exodus in 1491 BC" and finds the deaths of Concharis and Merenre II at 1491 BC ±6 months; the year itself is CFAH-1 Table 1's Ussher-Jones baseline.
Scripture
Chronologies
| Chronology | Date as stated | Year (BC / AM) | Citation & note |
|---|---|---|---|
| CFAH-1 Table 1 Ussher–Jones baseline | 1491 BC (Exodus) Precision: year |
1491 BC | Griffith & White, "Chronological Framework of Ancient History. 1: Problem, Data, and Methodology," ARJ 15 (2022): 377–390, section "Our Assumptions (Declared Biases)", Table 1 "Biblically derived dates from Ussher and Jones" (opens in a new tab) CFAH-1 Table 1 (Ussher-Jones biblical baseline adopted by CFAH); not a triangulated anchor point. CFAH-6 Introduction: "from the Dispersion in 2191 BC until the Exodus in 1491 BC". Sets sort year |
| Ussher-Jones | 2513 AM, 1491 BC (the year of the EXODUS) Precision: year |
1491 BC AM 2513 |
Jones, Chart No. 1 "Creation to Jesus Christ" (© 1993), line "2513 AM 1491 BC the year of the EXODUS - Moses"; Chronology of the Old Testament (15th ed., 2002), Chart One §B, p. 24 ("1012 + 479 = 1491 BC") (opens in a new tab) |
| Ussher | 2513 AM, 1491 BC; 15th day of 1st month = Tuesday 5 May (Julian) Precision: day |
1491 BC AM 2513 |
Ussher, Annals of the World, Fourth Age §190 (paragraph numbering of the modern transcription) (opens in a new tab) Red Sea crossing at Pihahiroth narrated in §190 (camp 4). |
| Jordan secondary | Exodus: Anno Mundi 2513; 1417 B.C. (SBC) Precision: year |
1417 BC AM 2513 |
Jordan, "Egypt in Biblical History," Biblical Chronology 5:8 (December 1993), chart "Anno Mundi / B.C. (SBC) / B.C. (CCC)" at the start of the article (opens in a new tab) Day: 15th day of the 1st month of 2513 ("Day 15: The exodus from Egypt"), Pentateuch Part 5 (BC 6:7) §16. Same chart: CCC 1447 B.C. B.C. year is Jordan's "SBC" (strictest Biblical chronology), which takes Daniel's 70 weeks literally from Cyrus (456 B.C. instead of the conventional 536 B.C.); not comparable one-to-one with Ussher/CFAH B.C. years. Restated in Jordan, From Creation to Solomon (Studies in Biblical Chronology No. 2, 2001), ch. 11, p. 44: "The Exodus took place in 2513" and p. 51 list "2513 - Exodus from Egypt"; and in A Chronological and Calendrical Commentary on the Pentateuch (No. 3, 2001), ch. 17 "Chronology of the Plagues & Exodus", p. 43: "1st Month (March-April 2513) ... Day 15: The exodus from Egypt". Differs from sort year by 74 yrs |
| Jordan secondary | "the exodus took place 857 years after the Flood" Precision: unknown |
— | Jordan, The Law of the Covenant (Institute for Christian Economics, 1984), ch. 2 "The Law and the Redemption of Israel", p. 44 (opens in a new tab) Interval only, as printed (n. 25 cites Anstey). Not converted to AM here. |
| Jordan (compilation) secondary | 1497 B.C. Exodus Event occurred in 2513 AM, 430 yrs. after Abram entered Canaan Precision: year |
1497 BC AM 2513 |
Anno Mundi Chronology Studies (unnamed compiler; a compilation of James B. Jordan's system), p. 3, chart "Genesis 12 – 25 Chronology of Abraham’s Life" (opens in a new tab) Agrees with Jordan's own published AM 2513. The compilation's B.C. year (1497) is AM subtracted from 4010 (its own convention: Creation 4010 B.C.); Jordan's own SBC B.C. figures differ (here 1417 B.C.). Display only; never converted or used for sorting. Differs from sort year by 6 yrs |
| Biblical statements (direct Scripture data) | 15th day of the 1st month; at the end of the 430 years; Solomon's Temple begun in the 480th year after Precision: unknown |
— | Exod 12:40–41, 12:51; Num 33:3; 1 Kgs 6:1 (opens in a new tab) |
| Josephus (Whiston translation) | Month Xanthicus, 15th day; "four hundred and thirty years after our forefather Abraham came into Canaan, but two hundred and fifteen years only after Jacob removed into Egypt"; Moses in his 80th year Precision: year |
— | Josephus, Antiquities II.15.2 (Whiston) (opens in a new tab) |
| Raleigh, The History of the World (1614/1617) | "about the beginning of the year of the world 2514" Precision: approximate |
AM 2514 | Raleigh, The History of the World (11th ed. 1736, vol. 1), Book II, ch. III (p. 149) (opens in a new tab) Raleigh: AM 2514 vs Ussher/Jones AM 2513. |
| Annals of Clonmacnoise | "from Abr. untill the Departing out of egypt" 500 years Precision: year |
— | Annals of Clonmacnoise (trans. Mageoghagan 1627, ed. Murphy 1896), prefatory "Memorandum" table of the ages of the world (between the p. 8 and p. 11 running heads; OCR) (opens in a new tab) The Memorandum lists intervals 1656, 0292, 0500, 0480, 0410, 0432, 0134 against seven rows; the row/number pairing is read from OCR column order and should be checked against the page scan. |
Disagreements & open questions
- Chronologies disagree BC years differ: 1497 BC (Jordan (compilation)); 1491 BC (CFAH-1 Table 1, Ussher-Jones, Ussher); 1417 BC (Jordan).
- Chronologies disagree Anno Mundi figures differ: AM 2513 (Ussher-Jones, Ussher, Jordan, Jordan (compilation)); AM 2514 (Raleigh, The History of the World (1614/1617)).
Flags are generated from the figures stored in the data. The master timeline still sorts by the CFAH-weighted sort year.
Maps
Related
- Abraham Leaves Haran, Enters Canaan and Goes Down to Egypt
- Joseph Made Ruler over Egypt
- Solomon Dedicates the Temple
- Moses
- Red Sea crossing (yam suph) - location uncertain
- Death of Concharis (Khaankhra Sobekhotep) and Merenre II, 1491 BC
- Reign of Queen Nitocris (Netjerkare Siptah)
- Fall of Akkad to the Guti Arabs; start of the "Arab" dynasty of Babylon
- The burning bush: God calls Moses at Horeb
- Israel arrives at Mount Sinai
- Birth of Moses
- Jacob and his family go down to Egypt (AM 2298)
Free sources
- The King James Version of the Bible (opens in a new tab) — Exodus 12–14 public-domain
- The Antiquities of the Jews (opens in a new tab) — Book II, ch. 15, §2 public-domain
- Chart No. 1: Creation to Jesus Christ (opens in a new tab) — Chart No. 1 free-to-read
- The Chronology of the Pentateuch (Part 5) (Biblical Chronology 6:7, July 1994) (opens in a new tab) — §16 Chronology of the Plagues & Exodus free-to-read
- Chronological Framework of Ancient History. 1: Problem, Data, and Methodology, (opens in a new tab) free-to-read
- Chronological Framework of Ancient History. 6: The Old and Middle Kingdoms of Egypt, (opens in a new tab) free-to-read
- Chronology of the Old Testament: A Return to the Basics (15th ed.) (opens in a new tab) free-to-read
- The Annals of the World, Deduced from the Origin of Time (1658 English edition), Part One: 4004–176 BC (opens in a new tab) public-domain
- The History of the World, in Five Books (11th ed.), vol. 1 (opens in a new tab) public-domain
- The Annals of Clonmacnoise, being Annals of Ireland from the Earliest Period to A.D. 1408 (trans. Conell Mageoghagan, 1627) (opens in a new tab) public-domain
- Egypt in Biblical History (Biblical Chronology 5:8, December 1993) (opens in a new tab) free-to-read
- A Summary of Old Testament Chronology (Biblical Chronology 4:8, August 1992) (opens in a new tab) free-to-read
- From Creation to Solomon (Studies in Biblical Chronology No. 2) (opens in a new tab) free-to-read
- A Chronological and Calendrical Commentary on the Pentateuch (Studies in Biblical Chronology No. 3) (opens in a new tab) free-to-read
- The Law of the Covenant: An Exposition of Exodus 21-23 (opens in a new tab) free-to-read
- Anno Mundi Chronology Studies (A.M. chronology charts and A.M./B.C. table) (opens in a new tab) private-copy
Copyrighted works (CFAH papers, F. N. Jones) are linked, not reproduced.